Globálny slovník portálu IMED

Pojem: 
Glennova operácia, cirkulácia
Definícia: 

Operácia, II. etapa – jednokomorového riešenia cirkulácie – napojenie hornej dutej žily na artériu pulmonalis, krv z dolnej dutej žily sa vracia do spoločnej komory. Citované z: Vybrané kapitoly z detskej kardiológie. Súčasné trendy v detskej invazívnej kardiológii.
UK Bratislava, 2010, ISBN 978-80-223-28876.
http://www.fmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/akademicka_knizni...

Kľúčové slovo: 
napojenie hornej dutej žily na artériu pulmonalis
Pojem: 
Fontanovská cirkulácia
Definícia: 

Operácia, jednokomorová cirkulácia po III. etape chirurgického riešenia, zväčša formou totálneho kavopulmonálneho spojenia (TCPC), obe duté žily sú spojené priamo na pľúcnice.
Citované z : Vybrané kapitoly z detskej kardiológie. Súčasné trendy v detskej invazívnej kardiológii. UK Bratislava, 2010, ISBN 978-80-223-28876.
http://www.fmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/akademicka_knizni...

Kľúčové slovo: 
napojenie hornej dutej a dolnej dutej žily na artériu pulmonalis
Pojem: 
Fenester
Definícia: 

Malý otvor v tuneli pri fontanovskej cirkulácii, ktorý ponecháva chirurg ako ventil a ktorý umožňuje pravo – ľavý skrat. Uzatvára sa spontánne alebo pomocou Amplatzovho okludora.
Citované z : Vybrané kapitoly z detskej kardiológie. Súčasné trendy v detskej invazívnej kardiológii. UK Bratislava, 2010, ISBN 978-80-223-28876.
http://www.fmed.uniba.sk/fileadmin/user_upload/editors/akademicka_knizni...

Kľúčové slovo: 
otvor v tuneli pri fontanovskej cirkulácii umožňujúci pravo – ľavý skrat
Pojem: 
ponámahová astma
Definícia: 

<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">
Lek&aacute;r Aretheus z&nbsp;Kapadokie už okolo r. 150 n.l. nap&iacute;sal: &bdquo;Ak m&aacute; niekto kv&ocirc;li behu, gymnastick&eacute;mu cvičeniu alebo inej n&aacute;mahe sťažen&eacute; d&yacute;chanie, naz&yacute;va sa to astma&ldquo;. Hyperventil&aacute;cia počas telesnej n&aacute;mahy vedie v doln&yacute;ch d&yacute;chac&iacute;ch cest&aacute;ch k strat&aacute;m vody, čo m&aacute; za n&aacute;sledok zv&yacute;&scaron;enie osmolarity v sliznici doln&yacute;ch d&yacute;chac&iacute;ch ciest. Tento podnet vedie k uvoľneniu leukotri&eacute;nov, ktor&eacute; zv&yacute;&scaron;ia priepustnosťkapil&aacute;r pre vodu a osmolarita sa uprav&iacute;. Vedľaj&scaron;&iacute;m produktom tejto korekčnej reakcie je bronchospazmus navoden&yacute; p&ocirc;soben&iacute;m leukotri&eacute;nov na hlad&eacute; svalstvo d&yacute;chac&iacute;ch ciest (astmatici na bunk&aacute;ch hladk&eacute;ho svastva exprimuj&uacute; v&yacute;razne viac leukotri&eacute;nov&yacute;ch receptorov). Hovor&iacute;me o n&aacute;mahou provokovanom bronchospazme, ktor&yacute; m&ocirc;že ostať bezpr&iacute;znakov&yacute; (d&aacute; sa zistiť a zmerať s&eacute;riou spirometrick&yacute;ch vy&scaron;etren&iacute;) ale m&ocirc;že sa aj klinicky manifestovať ako pon&aacute;mahov&aacute; astma. Pon&aacute;mahov&yacute; bronchospamus sa vyskytuje u 40-90 % astmatikov (u det&iacute; b&yacute;va častej&scaron;&iacute;), ale testami sa d&aacute; detegovať aj u&nbsp; 3-15 % v bežnej zdravej popul&aacute;cii.&nbsp;</p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
astma
Pojem: 
Lokalizovaná sklerodermia
Definícia: 

<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">
Term&iacute;nom sklerodermia označujeme heterog&eacute;nnu skupinu chor&ocirc;b charakterizovan&uacute; vznikom &bdquo;tuhej&ldquo; kože, podmienen&yacute;m zv&yacute;&scaron;enou produkciou a&nbsp;sklerotiz&aacute;ciou v&auml;ziva. Jej lokalizovan&uacute; formu charakterizuje ohraničen&eacute; postihnutie kože a&nbsp;podkožn&eacute;ho tkaniva, vz&aacute;cne aj priľahl&eacute;ho svalov&eacute;ho a&nbsp;kostn&eacute;ho tkaniva.</p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
tuhá koža
Pojem: 
VATS lobektómia
Definícia: 

<p>
Videoasistovan&aacute; torakoskopick&aacute; resekcia pľ&uacute;cneho laloka založen&aacute; na individu&aacute;lnom preru&scaron;en&iacute; &scaron;trukt&uacute;r pľ&uacute;cneho h&iacute;lu pomocou kamery a in&scaron;trument&aacute;ria zaveden&eacute;ho prostredn&iacute;ctvom dvoch alebo&nbsp;troch mal&yacute;ch inc&iacute;zii a pomocnej malej torakot&oacute;mie bez roz&scaron;irovania rebier.</p>

Pojem: 
Kognitiva
Definícia: 

jsou látky, které zlepšují vnímání, učení a paměť. Lze je také označit jako látky „antiamnestické“.

Rozdělení: 

Nootropní látky
Ostatní kognitiva
Nootropní látky stimulují duševní funkce tím, že zlepšují metabolismus a prokrvení CNS. Jsou používány ke zlepšení mentálních funkcí jako je paměť, kognice, inteligence, pozornost a koncentrace, a to především u poruch s poúrazovou a organickou etiologií. Příznivé účinky se projevují až po dlouhodobém podávání. Působení nootropik nevede k lékové závislosti a mají jen malé nežádoucí účinky. Zahrnují mnoho látek z různých chemických skupin, které mají různé mechanismy účinku. Někdy jsou řazeny do skupiny psychostimulancií.
Piracetam
Jedná se o cyklický derivát GABA (kyselina gama-aminomáselná). Příznivě ovlivňuje látkovou výměnu nervových buněk. Snadno proniká do CNS, kde zvyšuje metabolismus glukózy. Má spasmolytický účinek na cévy a snižuje viskozitu krve. Díky tomu zvyšuje průtok krve mozkem.
Pyritinol
Je chemicky blízká látka vitaminu B6 (pyridoxin). Zvyšuje regionální prokrvení mozkové tkáně.
Meklofenoxat
Připomíná jedním koncem molekuly acetylcholin, druhým prokain. Proniká rychle do CNS a zvyšuje zde metabolismus glukózy.
Námelové alkaloidy se sympatolytickým účinkem (např. nicergolit, dihydroergotoxin), navíc ovlivňují adrenergní a serotoninergní receptory.
Látky ovlivňující reologické vlastnosti krve (cinarizin, flunarizin, nimodipin aj.)

Ostatní kognitiva

Používají se zejména k léčbě chronických stavů. Jejich hlavní indikací je Alzheimerova choroba (u které mohou zpomalit progresi) a jiné typy demencí. Jedná se o různé skupiny látek s odlišným mechanismem účinku.
Inhibitory acetylcholinesterázy – vychází z předpokladu, že poruchy paměti jsou způsobeny deficitem cholinergního systému.
Tacrin, Donezepil, Rivastigmin
Atypická antidepresiva
Neuropeptidy
Riluzol – inhibuje uvolňování glutamátu a děje vyvolané excitačními aminokyselinami, má komplexní neuroprotektivní účinky.
Zdroj: Wikiskripta http://www.wikiskripta.eu/index.php/Kognitiva

Kľúčové slovo: 
paměť
Pojem: 
Pôsobenie liekov na tkanivové štruktúry oka
Definícia: 

<p>Celkovo pod&aacute;van&eacute; lieky sa cez cievny syst&eacute;m dost&aacute;vaj&uacute; aj do tkanivov&yacute;ch &scaron;trukt&uacute;r oka. Komplexn&yacute; syst&eacute;m tkanivov&yacute;ch &scaron;trukt&uacute;r oka s mnoh&yacute;mi enz&yacute;mov&yacute;mi syst&eacute;mami m&ocirc;že byť preto podľa farmakodynamick&yacute;ch vlastnost&iacute; s&uacute;časne&nbsp;ovplyvnen&yacute; p&ocirc;soben&iacute;m celkovo aplikovan&yacute;ch liekov. N&aacute;sledkom m&ocirc;žu vznikn&uacute;ť nežiaduce ak&uacute;tne, alebo chronick&eacute; (až ireverzibiln&eacute;) zmeny tkanivov&yacute;ch &scaron;trukt&uacute;r očnej gule.</p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
Nežiaduce účinky liekov na oko
Pojem: 
Abstinencia
Definícia: 

<p><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; font-size: 16px;\">Zdržanlivosť, striedmosť, zložit&yacute; a diferencovan&yacute; mechanizmus viazan&yacute; na subjekt, na ktor&yacute; vpl&yacute;vaj&uacute; exog&eacute;nne a endog&eacute;nne činitele, jej realiz&aacute;cia je mimoriadne ťažk&aacute; - abstinencia ako životn&yacute; &scaron;t&yacute;l alebo abstinencia prijat&aacute; ako ochrann&yacute; mechanizmus (www.infodrogy.sk).</span></p>
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<![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment-->

Kľúčové slovo: 
zdržanlivosť
striedmosť
Pojem: 
Abstinenčný syndróm
Definícia: 

<p><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: SK; mso-fareast-language: SK; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\" lang=\"SK\">Pr&iacute;tomnosť nepr&iacute;jemn&yacute;ch fyzick&yacute;ch a niekedy aj psychick&yacute;ch pr&iacute;znakov, ak organizmus nie je intoxikovan&yacute; drogou &ndash; alkoholom, v&yacute;skyt a intenzita z&aacute;vis&iacute; od stupňa vytvorenej fyzickej z&aacute;vislosti, indik&aacute;tor fyzickej z&aacute;vislosti (www.infodrogy.sk).</span><!--EndFragment--></p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
nepríjemné fyzické a psychické príznaky
Pojem: 
Alkohol
Definícia: 

<p><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: SK; mso-fareast-language: SK; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\" lang=\"SK\">Je zn&aacute;my už od praveku, z&iacute;skava sa z pr&iacute;rodn&yacute;ch zdrojov, chemicky ide o etylalkohol. Ovplyvňuje predov&scaron;etk&yacute;m l&aacute;tkov&uacute; premenu a nervov&yacute; syst&eacute;m. Farmakologick&eacute; vlastnosti s&uacute; tlmiv&eacute;, euforizačn&eacute; a analgetick&eacute;. Je v&scaron;eobecne vn&iacute;man&yacute; ako spoločensky akceptovan&aacute;, &bdquo;leg&aacute;lna droga&ldquo;. Alkoholov&aacute; z&aacute;vislosť patr&iacute; medzi jeden z najz&aacute;važnej&scaron;&iacute;ch medic&iacute;nskych a spoločensk&yacute;ch probl&eacute;mov. Alkohol m&ocirc;že mať svojim p&ocirc;soben&iacute;m na psychiku a soci&aacute;lne spr&aacute;vanie človeka negat&iacute;vny vplyv nielen na samotn&eacute;ho jedinca, ale aj na cel&eacute; soci&aacute;lne prostredie (www.infodrogy.sk).</span><!--EndFragment--></span></p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
etylalkohol ovplyvňujúci najmä látkovú premenu a nervový systém
Pojem: 
Craving
Definícia: 

<p><span style=\"font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: SK; mso-fareast-language: SK; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\" lang=\"SK\">Prahnutie (baženie), v&yacute;znamn&yacute; znak z&aacute;vislosti, t&uacute;žba pociťovať &uacute;činky psychoakt&iacute;vnej l&aacute;tky, s ktorou už mal jednotlivec sk&uacute;senosť (www.infodrogy.sk).</span><!--EndFragment--></span></p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
prahnutie
Pojem: 
Závislosť
Definícia: 

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SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 1\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Revision\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"34\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"List Paragraph\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"29\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Quote\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"30\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Quote\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 1\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 1\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 1\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" 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<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 2\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" SemiHidden=\"false\" 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Priority=\"64\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 3\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 4\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Light List Accent 4\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 4\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 4\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 4\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" SemiHidden=\"false\" 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Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" 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<![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-ansi-language: SK; mso-fareast-language: SK; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\" lang=\"SK\">S&uacute;bor pr&iacute;znakov (sympt&oacute;mov), ktor&eacute; vznikaj&uacute; n&aacute;sledkom p&ocirc;sobenia pr&iacute;slu&scaron;n&eacute;ho podnetu (už&iacute;vanie alkoholu) na organizmus alebo psychiku človeka, pr&iacute;znaky sa aktivizuj&uacute; pri oslaben&iacute; p&ocirc;sobenia podnetu, ale najm&auml; pri jeho absencii, v&aacute;&scaron;niv&aacute; (chorobn&aacute;) t&uacute;žba mimo autoregulačn&yacute;ch možnost&iacute; postihnut&eacute;ho (www.infodrogy.sk)</span><!--EndFragment--></p>

Kľúčové slovo: 
vášnivá (chorobná) túžba
Pojem: 
Invaginácia
Definícia: 

Teleskopické vsunutie orálneho segmentu čreva do aborálneho spolu s mezentériom, ktoré vyvoláva strangulačný ileus (syn. invaginácia, intususcepcia, zapošvenie).

Kľúčové slovo: 
invaginácia
Pojem: 
Intususcepcia
Definícia: 

Teleskopické vsunutie orálneho segmentu čreva do aborálneho spolu s mezentériom, ktoré vyvoláva strangulačný ileus ( syn. invaginácia, intususcepcia, zapošvenie).

Kľúčové slovo: 
intususcepcia
Pojem: 
Zapošvenie
Definícia: 

Teleskopické vsunutie orálneho segmentu čreva do aborálneho spolu s mezentériom, ktoré vyvoláva strangulačný ileus ( syn. invaginácia, intususcepcia, zapošvenie).

Kľúčové slovo: 
zapošvenie
Pojem: 
Danceov príznak
Definícia: 

Typický nález pri invaginácii čreva. Pohmatovo prázdne pravé hypogastrium a hmatná rezistencia v dutine brušnej.

Kľúčové slovo: 
invaginácia

Stránky