<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; color: #0a0905; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Paraganglia<em> </em>jsou shluky buněk vegetativního, sympatického i parasympatického systému, které vycestovaly během embryonálního vývoje z neurální lišty. Největší nahromadění těchto elementů nacházíme ve dřeni nadledvin, reprezentující tzv. adrenální, katecholaminy produkující paraganglia. Velmi malá, až mikroskopická paranglia se vyskytují v oblasti břicha při odstupu a. mesenterica inf. (tzv. Zuckerkandlův orgán), kolem aorty břišní retroperitoneálně (glomus aorticum), na hrudníku pak v plicích. Na krku je nacházíme v karotické vidlici (glomus caroticum), v hrtanu (podél větví n. vagus) a ve spánkové kosti. Mají funkci chemoreceptorů, monitorujících parciální tensi krevních plynů. Jejich dalším úkolem je stimulace imunitní odpovědi, kdy z makrofágů uvolněné cytokiny se váží na paragangliové buňky umístěné podél n. vagi, jež uvolňují neurotransmitery. Jimi stimulovaný nerv pak předává signály do hypothalamu<strong>. </strong>Citováno z</span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">: </span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: CS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;\">World of Anatomy and Physiology</span><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: CS; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">. ©2005-2006 Thomson Gale.</span></p>
<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Je benigní tumor, vycházející z ektodermálně derivované, respiračním epitelem kryté Schneiderovy membrány, jež lemuje laterální stěnu nosní. Tato afekce přestavuje jen asi 5 % všech sinonazálních tumorů. Etiologie je pravděpodobně virová. Po stránce patomorfologické rozlišujeme 3 formy, exofytickou, invertovanou a onkocytární, jejich vzájemný vztah však není zcela jasný. Posledně dvě uvedené varianty jsou lokálně agresivní, infiltrují do orbity či intrakraniálně. </span><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Trebuchet MS"; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Při neúplném odstranění recidivují, a v 5 % dochází k jejich malignímu zvratu. Citováno z: Barnes, L.: </span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\"> </span></strong><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\">Schneiderian papillomas and nonsalivary glandular neoplasms of the head and neck. </span><span style=\"font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif;\" lang=\"DA\">Mod. Pathol. 2002; 15:279–297.</span></p>
<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Nádor z buněk difúzního endokrinního systému (Kultschitzkého buňky), jež nacházíme v gastrointestinálním traktu. Tam, kde se tyto buňky nevyskytují (tj. respirační trakt a středouší), jsou předpokládaným origem multipotentní kmenové buňky sliznic. Pro histopatologickou diagnózu je vedle základní histomorfologie nutný histochemický, imunohistochemický, ev. i ultrastrukturální průkaz jeho neuroendokrinní povahy. Zcela obecně jde o karcinomy s nízkým stupněm malignity, vyznačující se velmi protrahovaným průběhem a pozdním metastázováním. Biologická agresivita je v individuálních případech určena lokalizací nádoru a jeho velikostí. Citováno z: </span><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: MyriadPro-Light; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Light; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Barkmanová J. Karcinoidy. Onkologie. 2009;3:336–342. </span><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: CS; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\"><a href=\"http://www.onkologiecs.cz/pdfs/xon/2009/06/04.pdf\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: MyriadPro-Light; mso-bidi-font-family: MyriadPro-Light;\">http://www.onkologiecs.cz/pdfs/xon/2009/06/04.pdf</span></strong></a></s...
<p>Je spôsobený štrukturálnou zmenou na úrovni pohybového segmentu. Charakteristický je fenoménom centralizácie. Pri vykonávaní pohybu jedným smerom dochádza k odstráneniu, čiže centralizácii symptómov k plnej obnove hybnosti. Opačnou situáciou je periferizácia. Opačný smer pohybu zhoršuje, periferizuje symptómy. Znamená to, že symptómy sa šíria do horných alebo dolných končatín, k lakťu, pod lakeť, na dolných končatinách ku kolenu alebo pod koleno.</p>
<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #222222; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969);\">Terapeut musí rozpoznať správanie sa symptómov počas opakovaných pohybov. Napríklad u pacienta s derangementom symptómy menia svoju lokalitu a rozsah pohybu, u pacienta s dysfunkciou sú vždy v rovnakej lokalite. Rozsah pohybu sa výrazne nemení. Tento jav sa často vyskytuje po redukcii derangementu. Pacient má zostatkovú centrálnu bolesť na konci rozsahu pohybu.</span></p>
<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #222222; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969);\">Zapríčiňuje štrukturálne poškodeného mäkkého tkaniva následkom zhojenia po predošlej traume, zápalovom, alebo degeneratívnom procese. Bolesť je pociťovaná pri napínaní poškodeného tkaniva, čiže na konci rozsahu pohybu</span><strong style=\"color: #222222; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969);\">.</strong></p>
<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #222222; font-family: \'Times New Roman\', serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.917969);\">Pacient, ktorého nie je možné zaradiť do troch Mckenzie syndrómov. V tom prípade testujeme úľavové polohy a pohyby, alebo naopak provokačné polohy a pohyby a reakciu na správne držanie tela s elimináciou maximálnych rozsahov pohybu.</span></p>
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Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 5\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"60\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Light Shading Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"61\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Light List Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"62\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Light Grid Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"63\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 1 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"64\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Shading 2 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"65\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 1 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"66\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium List 2 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"67\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 1 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"68\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 2 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"69\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Medium Grid 3 Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"70\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Dark List Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"71\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"72\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful List Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"73\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" Name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 6\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"19\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtle Emphasis\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"21\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Emphasis\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"31\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Subtle Reference\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"32\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Intense Reference\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"33\" SemiHidden=\"false\" UnhideWhenUsed=\"false\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"Book Title\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"37\" Name=\"Bibliography\" /> <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"TOC Heading\" /> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:\"\"; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:\"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";} --> <!--[end -->CHOCHP je takmer výhradne chorobou dospelého veku a jej prevalencia<span> </span>zvyšujúcim vekom stúpa. Podľa súčasných predstáv je CHOCHP patologickým stavom starnutia pľúc, ktoré urýchľujú exogénne škodliviny a endogénne faktory.</p>
<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;\"><span style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">náhodna hypotermia vzniká vtedy, ak teplota telesného jadra samovoľne klesne pod 36 °C.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style=\"font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: \'Times New Roman\'; mso-ansi-language: SK; mso-fareast-language: SK; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;\">Teplota nameraná ezofageálne, rektálne alebo<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\"> </span>epitympanicky, vyžaduje špeciálny teplomer. </span></p>